Examine the Key Factors Influencing

Sociology Research free essay sample

Sexism is likewise known asâ gender discriminationâ orâ sex segregation, is characterized as partiality or separation dependent on sex; or conduct, conditions, or perspectives that cultivate generalizations of social jobs dependent on sex. Sexism is a type of separation or depreciation dependent on a people sex, with such mentalities being founded on convictions in conventional generalizations of sexual orientation jobs. The termâ sexismâ is regularly utilized comparable to victimization ladies, with regards to man controlled society. Sexism includes disdain of or partiality towards a sexual orientation all in all or the utilization of sex generalizations. Sexism is regularly connected with sexual orientation matchless quality contentions. Sexual orientation generalizations A 1952 magazine include generalizing ladies drivers. Sexual orientation generalizations are broadly held convictions about the qualities and conduct of ladies and men. Sexual orientation generalizations are distinct, yet additionally prescriptive convictions about how people ought to be and act. Individuals from either sex who digress from prescriptive sexual orientation generalizations are rebuffed; self-assured ladies, for instance, are called bitches while men who need physical quality are viewed as weaklings. Observational investigations have found broadly shared social convictions that men are more socially esteemed and more capable than ladies all things considered things, just as explicit presumptions that men are better at some specific undertakings (e. g. , mechanical assignments) while ladies are better at others (e. g. , supporting undertakings). For example, Fiske and partners reviewed nine assorted examples, from various areas of the United States, and found that individuals from these examples, paying little mind to age, reliably evaluated the classification men higher than the classification ladies on a multidimensional size of capability. Sex generalizations can encourage and obstruct scholarly execution. For instance,â stereotype threatâ can lower womens execution on science tests because of the generalization that ladies have mediocre quantitative aptitudes contrasted and men. Generalizations can likewise influence the evaluations individuals make of their own fitness. Studies found that particular generalizations (e. g. , ladies have lower numerical capacity) influence women’s and men’s view of their capacities (e. g. , in math and science) with the end goal that men survey their own assignment capacity higher than ladies performing at a similar level. These one-sided self-evaluations have sweeping impacts since they can shape men and women’s instructive and profession choices. Sexual orientation generalizations are in some cases applied at an early age. Different intercessions were inspected remembering the utilization of fiction for testing sexual orientation generalizations. For instance, in an investigation by A. Wing, kids were read Bills New Frock by Anne Fine. The substance of the book was talked about with them. Youngsters had the option to express, and consider, their cliché developments of sexual orientation and those on the planet on the loose. There was proof of youngsters considering the distinctive treatment that young men and young ladies get, and of study hall conversation empowering generalizations to be tested. Chauvinist and impartial language Research has discovered that the utilization ofâ heâ as a nonexclusive pronoun brings out an unbalanced number of male pictures and avoids considerations of ladies in non sexual orientation explicit examples. Results likewise recommend that while the pluralâ theyâ functions as a nonexclusive pronoun for the two guys and females, guys may comprehendâ he/sheâ in a way comparative toâ he, asâ heâ usually is set before the scramble andâ sheâ after. This is typically done in light of the fact that the wordâ sheâ already contains the wordâ heâ so it is situated after the scramble. It additionally has nothing to do with cliché sexual orientation jobs. Approaching the finish of the twentieth century, there is an ascent in sexually unbiased language in western universes, which is regularly ascribed to the ascent ofâ feminism. Unbiased languageâ is the shirking ofâ gender-explicit occupation titles, non equal utilization, and other use that is considered by some to be misogynist. Supporters guarantee that having genderâ€specific titles and genderâ€specific pronouns either suggests a foundational predisposition to avoid people dependent on their sexual orientation or, more than likely as pointless as a rule as race-explicit pronouns, religion-explicit pronouns, or people tallness explicit pronouns. A portion of the individuals who bolster sexual orientation explicit pronouns affirm that advancing unbiased language is a sort of semantics infusion itself. Anthropological phonetics and sexual orientation explicit language Not at all like the Indo-European languagesâ in the west, for some otherâ languagesâ around the world,â gender-explicit pronounsâ are an ongoing wonder that happened around the mid twentieth century. Therefore ofâ colonialism, social transformation happened in numerous pieces of the world with endeavors to modernize and westernize by including sexual orientation explicit pronouns and vitalize lifeless pronouns to neighborhood dialects. This brought about the circumstance of what wasâ gender-unbiased pronounsâ a century back unexpectedly turning out to be genderâ€specific. (See for example Gender-lack of bias in dialects without syntactic sexual orientation: Turkish. ) Sex explicit pejorative terms Genderâ€specific pejorative terms scare or damage someone else as a result of their sexual orientation. Sexism can be communicated in a pseudoâ€subtle way through the connection of terms which have negative sex arranged implicationsâ such as throughâ condescension. Numerous models incorporate swear words. A somewhat obscene model is the uninformative attribution of the term witch for a lady or pixie for a man. In spite of the fact that witch and pixie both have non-misogynist translations, when they are utilized with regards to a genderâ€specific pejorative term these words become portrayals of chauvinist mentalities. The connection among assault and sexism Research into the components which spur culprits ofâ rapeâ against a particular sex, for instance, ladies, every now and again uncovers examples of contempt of said sex and joy in perpetrating mental and additionally physical injury, instead of sexual intrigue. Scientists have contended that assault isn't the consequence of neurotic people, yet rather frameworks of male strength, social practices and convictions that generalize and debase ladies. Mary Odem, Jody Clay-Warner and Susan Brownwiller believe misogynist perspectives to be spread by a progression of fantasies about assault and attackers. They express that in spite of those fantasies, attackers frequently plan an assault before they pick a casualty and that associate rapeâ is the most widely recognized type of assault instead of ambush by an outsider. Odem likewise expresses that these assault fantasies proliferate chauvinist mentalities about men by propagating the idea that men can't control their sexuality. Accordingly toâ acquaintance assault, the Men Can Stop Rape development has been actualized. The US military has begun a comparative development with the slogan My quality is for protecting. Word related sexism Word related sexism alludes to anyâ discriminatoryâ practices, proclamations, activities, and so on dependent on a personsâ sexâ that are available or happen in a spot ofâ employment. One type of word related sexism isâ wage segregation. All things considered, ladies despite everything have 20% to a lesser extent an opportunity to have work and are paid 17% not as much as men. In addition, the report expressed: [In] numerous nations, work marketâ discriminationâ †I. e. the inconsistent treatment of similarly profitable people simply because they have a place with a particular gathering †is as yet a critical factor expanding abberations in work and the nature of openings for work [ ] Evidence introduced in this release of the Employment Outlookâ suggests that about 8% of the variety in sexual orientation business holes and 30% of the variety in sex wage holes across OECD nations can be clarified by unfair practices in the work showcase. The report additionally found that in spite of the way that practically all OECD nations, including the U. S. have built up hostile to segregation laws, these laws are hard to uphold. Sexual orientation generalizations Gender rolesâ (or sex jobs) are perspectives and exercises that a general public connects to each sex. A culture that characterizes guys as eager and serious urges them to search out places of authority and play group activities. To the degree that females are characterized as respectful and passionate, they are required to be strong assistants and brisk to show their sentiments. As per the OECD, womens work showcase conduct is impacted by learned social and social qualities that might be thought to oppress ladies (and in some cases against men) by generalizing certain work and ways of life as male or female. Further, the OECD contends that womens instructive decisions might be directed, at any rate to some degree, by their desires that [certain] sorts of business openings are not accessible to them, just as by sex generalizations that are predominant in the public eye. There is a long record of ladies being prohibited from cooperation in numerous callings. Regularly, ladies have picked up section into a formerly male calling just to be confronted with extra snags. Elizabeth Blackwell, the main lady to get a M. D. in the United States and Myra Bradwell, the primary female legal advisor in the state of Illinois, represent the pervasiveness of ladies being avoided from specific callings and the evolving society. Proficient segregation proceeds with today as indicated by contemplates done by Cornell Universityâ and others. Some have speculated that sex inclination has been affecting which logical research gets distributed. This theory harmonizes with a test led at the University of Torontoâ led by Amber Budden. The investigation demonstrated that, in

How to Break out of Your Social Comfort Zone

How to Break out of Your Social Comfort Zone Do you remember experiencing a time when you wanted to do something, but somehow you ended up not doing it, and then you found yourself soundly regretting it afterwards? Probably one too many times. Now go back to one of those moments, and try to remember why you did not go forward and get it done. More often than not, the reason you did not do it was because you were afraid, or you were unsure.Some of us are afraid of failing, that no matter how much effort we put into doing something, we still would not get the results we want. Worse, the results may be the exact opposite of what we wanted.Many times, however, the fear stemmed from the fact that it involves the unfamiliar.You are doing something you have never tried before. You are stepping into unknown territory. You are stepping out of your comfort zone. © Shutterstock | blocberryThis guide provides 1) an introduction to social comfort zones, 2) why you should branch out of your comfort zone, and 3) tips on how to break out of your social comfort zone.COMFORT ZONES AND THE SOCIAL BEINGA comfort zone is any place or situation where an individual feels safe or at ease, and where he or she can function without stress. It is where he or she feels most comfortable in, because there are no external threats that can unsettle him or her. It has been identified as a psychological or behavioral state where a person “operates in an anxiety-neutral position”.If we take that into a social context, we are talking about the social comfort zone. If you are a person who divides your time between home and work, your social comfort zone may be limited to your family and co-workers. If you occasionally go out at night with friends, they are also included in your social comfort zone. There are simply some people who have bigger and wider social circ les than others.Man, by nature, is a social being; he is a social animal. No matter how much of an introvert or a “lone wolf” he is, it is ingrained in the human psyche to seek belongingness. However, it is also a reality that many people have difficulties interacting or being social with other people, or with society as a whole. What’s stopping them? Most likely, they have spent way too much time in their comfort zones, they are afraid of stepping out of it. WHY YOU SHOULD BREAK OUT OF YOUR SOCIAL COMFORT ZONEWithin your comfort zone, you believe that you have everything you need â€" love, food and sustenance, time, admiration, personal satisfaction. You are in full control. You are the ruler of your own world. So why, then, should you rock that steady boat and go somewhere you will be competing for those things? Why should you even consider stepping out of your social comfort zone?It is indicative of growth. Whether you want to grow personally or professionally, you should a ccept the reality that you have to break out of your social comfort zone. Deciding to break out of your social comfort zone, and actually taking steps to actively do it, is a sign of maturity. You are accepting the challenge, knowing that it will make you grow.It will break the monotony of your daily grind. You cannot get to the other side of town to do your shopping unless you step out of your door. You will not be able to experience new things if you avoid them for the simple reason that they are out of your comfort zone. If you do not experience new things, life tends to become dull and boring, and surely you do not want that. Or do you?It increases your knowledge. Some of the most valuable lessons are learned outside the four walls of a classroom or an educational institution. We can only learn so much from books and from the Internet. Sometimes, the best lessons are learned when you step out and experience them firsthand. So you haven’t travelled with friends before? Do so to day, and you will be surprised at the amount of knowledge that you will acquire if only you step out of your comfort zone.It will improve performance. You may not realize this, but you may actually perform better if you are under a certain degree of stress or pressure. If there is a deadline coming up, you tend to become more focused on your task. If there are other people depending on you to provide some output at a certain time or date, you tend to up your performance more than usual. When you step out of your comfort zone, you are subjected to an environment where you will feel anxious and faced with stress, and that will help your performance reach its optimum level.It will make you more versatile and flexible. Change is another thing that most people dread, since it requires some adjustment on their part. By breaking out of your comfort zone, you will be exposed to various scenarios and experiences where you will be trained to handle changes like a boss. You will then learn how to adapt to changing environments easily. SIGNS THAT YOU SHOULD BREAK OUT OF YOUR SOCIAL COMFORT ZONEYou might not know it, but you may actually be one of those people who prefer staying within the confines of their social comfort zones. I request that you take a long, hard look at yourself, and assess whether you, too, have these tendencies. Identifying these signs within yourself will help motivate you to face the challenge of stepping out of your comfort zone.You are too shy or too much of an introvert. Being shy is a natural response. There are some people who take longer than most to warm up to other people and new or strange situations. But if your level of shyness is too much that it is starting to become an obstacle in interacting with other people on a personal or professional level, you should start becoming concerned.You feel burnt out most of the time, and the reason for this is because you feel like you are in a rut. Basically, you are getting bored with your daily rou tine, even with the people that you regularly come into contact with. When you are getting tired of seeing and talking to the same handful of friends and acquaintances day in and day out, you might want to consider expanding your social network.The very idea of doing something unfamiliar scares the daylights out of you. For some reason, you feel freaked out even at the thought of speaking in front of a room full of people, something you’ve never done before. If this scares you, and you think your reaction is a bit over the top, you may have problems with your comfort zone having taken over you.TIPS ON BREAKING OUT OF YOUR SOCIAL COMFORT ZONE#1 Decide to leave your comfort zoneThis is, for many, the most difficult part: making that decision. Recognizing that you are stuck in your comfort zone and that it is starting to become a liability is already hard enough. Deciding that you should break out of it and face the unknown makes it that much harder. That is because making the decisi on means that you have to acknowledge that you are afraid and uncertain about a lot of things.Make that conscious decision to start stepping out of your social comfort zone, even if it is with baby steps. You can start by making a list of the things that you will do to gradually achieve that. #2 Do not be afraid to make a fool of yourselfBe silly. So what if others laugh at you? If you do it voluntarily and intentionally, you can look at it as making them laugh. It is ok to not be perfect all the time, and to look like a fool every once in a while.One of the fears of individuals who are considered to be “socially inept” is what other people think of them. They become too afraid that others will laugh at them, to the extent that they end up not doing anything at all. What they do not know is that this actually has a negative impact on their social interactions.#3 Look at the worst case scenarioSometimes, the fear of many people keeps them from contemplating the “worst thing tha t could happen”. They think that, by not thinking about it, it won’t happen. That’s not how the world works.When you are about to attempt something you haven’t done before, you should consider the worst thing that can happen. You also have to accept the fact that you might fail. Set your expectations high, but you should also open yourself to the possibility of feeling disappointment in the event that it will not work out as planned.Condition your mind to think that, even if you failed, at least you tried. You took that leap of faith and made an attempt of it. Next time, you know better, and you will definitely do better.#4 Face your fears. Acknowledge them and look for ways to work around themHow many things or experiences have you missed out on because of your fears? Maybe you’ve always wanted to go on a cruise, but your fear of being seasick held you back. Maybe you’ve always dreamed of climbing a mountain, but you had a fear of falling down and getting injured.Take a n objective look at your fears. List down as many as you can, and try to identify the things that you would have wanted to do, if not for these fears holding you back.Next, think of ways that can help you address those fears. You may not be able to eliminate them completely, but there may be some ways to alleviate them to a tolerable degree. Maybe you can consult with a physician and ask for something to manage your dizziness or seasickness. As for your fear of getting hurt while on a climb, maybe you can look for hiking or climbing trails that are beginner-friendly. Or stock up on climbing gear that will protect you from injuries.If you look hard enough, you will no doubt find that solutions are actually there, waiting to be discovered by you.#5 Take risksTry saying yes to everything. Or, if you’re not comfortable to do it all at once, try saying yes to something. In the past, you may have noticed always saying “no” when you are invited to social gatherings or if some other s ocial plans come up. For a change, try saying “yes” instead. If your friends ask you to go for a night of karaoke with them, say yes. If they want you to try an exotic dish or delicacy from another country whose name you can’t even spell, say yes, and do it. Be spontaneous. There is nothing wrong with planning everything down to the smallest detail. If it is in your nature to be meticulous, and you refuse to go anywhere without a whole notebook filled with plans from A to Z, consider throwing caution to the wind once in a while. Spontaneity will do you good.This is true even if it is done in small measures. You can start small. Say, for example, that you are vacationing with a group of friends in another country. You can plan everything else, but try to be spontaneous in some aspects, such as leaving an entire day unplanned, or deciding to eat meals in the first open place that you see when you arrive.Small steps they may be, but they mean that you are taking risks, so that is a good start.Don’t get too attached with the outcome or the result. You may start doing something because of the end result. You become too fixated on achieving that result that, when you do take the risk and things go the other way, you’re likely to curl in on yourself and go crawling back to your comfort zone. Don’t.Climb a mountain because you want to climb it, not because you want to reach the summit. Go to a karaoke with co-workers because you want to go to one, not because you want to impress them and make them your instant best friends. Go on a trip with friends because you want to spend time with them in a new place, not because you want them to think that you are the most fun person around to be with.If you handle your level of attachment to a specific outcome, you will be able to enjoy being more sociable.Take risks, but do not be reckless. You have to be smart about the risks that you take, however. Being spontaneous and being a risk-taker do not translate to being reckless. You should still exercise caution at every turn. If it is going to potentially harm others, or even yourself, then you should rethink it and look for other opportunities instead.#6 Actively seek out opportunitiesDo not leave the adventure-seeking to your social circles. You should also take an active part in finding new opportunities, because you will be creating an environment where you are in control.The moment you stepped out of your social comfort zone, you may have felt that you are losing control. Taking an active role will help you take back some of the control that has seemingly slipped out of your grasp.#7 Do not expect overnight miraclesEven the experts will tell you that, the first time they tried moving out of their comfort zones, it didn’t feel so good, or the initial results weren’t as satisfying as they thought. Well, guess what? That is a normal reaction. After all, moving out of your social comfort zone is a process, a transition that will definitely take some time and quite a lot of work.Be patient. Do not rush things. You may not know it, but others around you may also be going through the same phase, so they, too, need some time.#8 Choose to be around sociable individualsSo you want to break out of your shell? Be around people who will help draw you out of it. Maybe you have a co-worker who is naturally outgoing and easily talks to people. Spend time with that person.Maybe you have a friend who is spontaneous and even a daredevil. Hang out with that friend more often. You never know, some of their enthusiasm and passion may rub off on you.#9 Do not pretend to be someone you are notThis is the danger of breaking out of one’s social comfort zone: in order to be socially accepted, some people tend to pretend or act like someone else. They think that other people may like them more if they act a certain way, especially in ways that are completely opposite to who they truly are. It is one thing to adapt in order to be socially c apable, but it is another thing to lose your identity altogether.Be yourself. So what if others will not like you for who you are? There are bound to be others who will. It is easier to have fun in your expanded social circles if you remain true to who you really are.It is perfectly all right to feel uncomfortable or out of sorts, especially in the beginning. That is all part of the learning process, and you will definitely learn a lot when you take courage and break out of your social comfort zone.

Advancements for Women throughout History - 1125 Words

In 2014, on average there is about 4.35 million more women with college degrees than men. In the 1500’s women were treated with considerable respect for the most part. However they weren’t entitled to any political rights especially married women, such as voting or working in the same field as men. They were only allowed to work in fields such as the clothing industry, maid services, or in the medical field as caretakers. Being that women had fewer rights than men this prevented them from reaching their ultimate limit. If women are obsolete, then men will soon be extinct. This is discrimination in 2014. Where did this patriarchal society come from? According to Collins patriarchy is a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. This is synonymous to the oppression of women. We assume the lack of evidence which tells us that all societies have been patriarchal because it has been rooted in biology or in the environm ent. It is implausible to believe men actually came together from all over the world with the conclusion suppressing women was acceptable. Some believe if there had not been patriarchal societies we would all be completely destroyed. This was once a necessary mechanism used for survival that quickly died out due to women stepping out with confidence. Leapfrogs new study shows baby girls at the age of two possess larger vocabularies and speak sooner than baby boys. However, despite this report primaryShow MoreRelatedMarketing and Gillette1387 Words   |  6 Pagesinnovation at Gillette throughout its history. Has Gillette been a victim of its own success? Has product innovation in wet-shaving market come to an end? Explain? King C. Gillette has founded Gillette in 1901. It was one of the first great multinational organizations and a marvel of marketing effectiveness. 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I found that each chapter was veryRead MoreSecond- Wave Feminism Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 2112 Second-Wave Feminism Towards the end of the twentieth century, feminist women in America faced an underlying conflict to find their purpose and true meaning in life. â€Å"Is this all?† was often a question whose answer was sought after by numerous women reaching deeper into their minds and souls to find what was missing from their life. The ideal second-wave feminist was defined as a women who puts all of her time into cleaning her home, loving her husband, and caring for her childrenRead MoreAdvancements Of Medicine And Science1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe advancements of medicine and science has grown exponentially throughout the eras from the colonial time, till now. There have been many different contributors that have focused on creating cures for different diseases that have killed billions of people. Diseases that changed the entire world, such as chicken pox, yellow fever, influenza, syphilis, small pox, etc. and the contributors who have received recognition for participating in the cur e of some of those illnesses. The medicine and science

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Night’s Dream - 1973 Words

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Night’s Dream The focus of this discussion will be upon the language and performance possibilities of this extract from the Dream[1], following brief consideration of the manner in which the extract relates to the rest of the play in terms of plot development and the reflection of certain of the play’s themes. Performance aspects are considered alongside the distinctive features of the language, as it is suggested that the nature of the language employed governs performance. Broadly speaking, it is argued that while the language of the extract lends itself to a humorous performance on more than one level, in certain respects the humour seeks to convey a serious†¦show more content†¦The discussion divides the extract into three sections: the first of these covers lines 80 to 91, concentrating on Flute’s speech as Thisbe; the second covers lines 92 to 105, concentrating on Puck’s speech of lines 94 to 99. The third section considers the remainder of the extract, focu sing on the exchange between Bottom and Titania. On a superficial level, Flute’s speech has a profoundly humorous tone, derived from the patently contradictory images and the irony, with which the language used to describe Bottom, as Pyramus, is laced. Language is hyperbolic, with ‘most’ repeated four times (3.1.80 and 82). Descriptions are effusive, conflicting and present the antithesis of the Bottom known to the audience. He is ‘lily-white of hue’ and yet also ‘radiant’ and ‘Of colour like the red rose’ (3.1.80 and 81). Equally, he is described as a ‘bristly juvenile’ (3.1.82) and, unlikely in the context of Elizabethan England, a ‘lovely Jew’ (3.1.82). So unlikely and internally conflicting are the descriptions that they appear to have been chosen with the principal aim of achieving the abab rhyme scheme. The concluding erroneous reference to ‘Ninny’s tomb’ (3.1.84) has the effect of a punch line, neatly encapsulating Flu te’sShow MoreRelated William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream could have easily been a light-hearted, whimsical comedy. Complete with a magic forest and a kingdom of fairies, it is an iconic setting for amorous escapades and scenes of lovers. But Shakespeare’s writing is never so shallow; through this romantic comedy, Shakespeare postulates an extremely cynical view of love. A Midsummer Night’s Dream becomes a commentary on the mystery of love, and lovers in general emerge shamedRead More William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, there are endless images of water and the moon. Both images lend themselves to a feeling of femininity and calm. In classical mythology, the image of water is often linked with Aphrodite, goddess of passion and love. Born of the foam of the sea, Aphrodite was revered as an unfaithful wife to her husband Hephaestus (Grant 36). This may have a direct coloration to the unfaithful nature of theRead MoreEssay William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream974 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream can be considered an archetypal comedy due in large part to the ill-defined characters. Part of what makes this play work so well is that rather than becoming too invested in any one character’s hopes and fears or desires and struggles, the audience is simply rooting for things to work out well in general. 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A Midsummer Nights Dream was written by William Shakespeare. No one knows the exact date it was written but we know it was between 1589 and 1595. He combines romance with comedy to produce this popular story. When he was writing the play superstition aboutRead More Night in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesNight in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream One of the recurring themes throughout Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the time of day during which the play’s major action takes place: night. This being the case, there are certain words that are directly linked to this theme that appear numerous times throughout the script. Four such words are â€Å"moon,† â€Å"moonlight,† â€Å"moonshine,† and â€Å"lunatic.† Each comes from a feminine root that serves to identify the women in the play asRead MoreEssay on Women in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream780 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare, is a play that illustrates a good picture of woman’s lack of freedom. It is a story of several couples, among which there is a fairy king, Oberon, who proves his sovereignty over the queen of the fairies, Titania. The two have an ongoing conflict about who should keep the Indian boy, whose mother had recently died. Titania doesn’t want to give him up because she and the boy’s mother knewRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream1283 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeare, in his A Midsummer Night’s Dream, uses his characters to cast a sense of derision over the use of the imagination. â€Å"The lunatic, the lover and the poet† are thrown together all on one line, and it is implied that the latter two are as crazy as the first. (Midsummer Night’s Dream, V.1.7) Despite this seeming scorn for plays and their ilk, Shakespeare is implementing a strong irony. Characters who scorn the imagination are no moreRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream 1648 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are so many references to the eyes in A Midsummer Nights Dream that one would expect there to be a solid and consistent reason for their appearance. However, this does not seem to be the case. Indeed, the images associated with the eyes are so varied, and shift so frequently, that it is practically impossible to define what it is they represent. This difficulty reflects the problem of distinguishing between what is real and whatRead MoreThe Men of Rule in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†1491 Words   |  6 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† two worlds are distinctly contrasted throughout the play. These worlds serve to be the extremes both in thought and action. One world is the Athenian state; which is governed by order, law and reason; whereas, the forest or fairy world lies within the domain of imagination, where anything is possible. While both worlds are paralleled in the play, th ey have complex interactions in which the characters succumb to influences to influences from both

Analysis of Lester Burnham free essay sample

From the outside, Lester seems to have a perfect salary, and a perfect family who lives in a perfect neighborhood. In reality, things are not what they seem to be. In fact, he is on the verge of getting fired from this job, his wife and only child hate him, and he also hates himself. Slowly a series of crises begin to occur that ensure that eventually the family will be destroyed. It starts off with the deterioration of his relationship with, his daughter Jane, and wife Carolyn. â€Å"She wasnt always like this. She used to be happy. We used to be happy. †(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) Everyday is different in his life, but also the same. He goes to work and comes home only to have dinner with the same music and same people who despise him the most. Not to mention how every dinner ends the same, with personal attacks towards him, only to make him feel worse about himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Lester Burnham or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The worst part is that he knows he is going to do the same tomorrow. As things seem to escalate more and more it is becoming more obvious that he has reached his mid-life crisis. Especially when he meets Angela, his daughters attractive best friend, he thinks he has finally found a new purpose for living. This is when Burnham has reached a critical point in his life. This film revolves around many ideas and themes. One of these is the value of life. â€Å"I have lost something. Im not exactly sure what it is, but I know I didnt always feel this sedated. But you know what? Its never too late to get it back. †(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) From now on, in the movie, Lester decides to turn his life around. Starting by getting himself out of the depression he is currently in. As the movie goes on, one of the first things you notice while watching the movie is how perfect the houses are aligned and how his whole entire house is furnished with the color gray or light shades of blue. The only things that do seem to have color are either painted with red or blue. In turn the red signifies the things that make the characters happy and the blue signifies the troubles the characters are facing. How does that person interact with others in the movie? Lester’s interaction with others in the movie was the one significant thing that showed his true colors of his character. He seemed to have a positive outlook on gaining relationships, but most characters in the film wanted nothing to do with him. They saw him as an impersonal individual with no care in the world, but to fulfill his own desires. On the other hand, all he wanted was to have a happy relationship with his daughter and wife. However, in return they never showed him an ounce of gratitude. Especially his daughter Jane. From the first time I saw them have dinner with the vase of red flowers and perfect family portrait between them, I knew that Jane had repressed anger towards her father. Particularly when Lester tried to conversate with Jane and she clearly expressed that she could care less. â€Å"Well, what do you expect? You cant all of a sudden be my best friend, just because you had a bad day†¦I mean, hello. Youve barely even spoken to me for months. †(Cohen, Mendes,1999) At this point in the movie it has become pretty obvious that the main character is not only depressed but he also has a passive aggressive personality disorder. The first psychological behavior shown was depression. Depression is an Axis I disorder under the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Which is also described as by doctors Sharp and Lipsky in 2002 as a â€Å".. common psychiatric disorder in children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Persons who are depressed have feelings of sadness, loneliness, irritability, worthlessness, hopelessness, agitation, and guilt that may be accompanied by an array of physical symptoms. A diagnosis of major depression requires that symptoms be present for two weeks or longer†¦Targeted screening in high-risk patients such as those with chronic diseases, pain, unexplained symptoms, stressful home environments, or social isolation, and those who are postnatal or elderly may provide an alternative approach to identifying patients with depression† The main characters loneliness and sense of worthlessness has become more evident when his neurotic wife no longer wants to engage in sexual activities with him. And his fourteen year job as a writer for a media magazine has come to an end. In addition, what seems to throw him over the edge is the lack of communication he has with his daughter. Although she wants nothing to do with him, he still longs for her happiness. A Person who is also depressed shows a sign that life is not worth living for them. The character of Lester Burnham didn’t hesitate to express this within the first minute of the movie. He narrates â€Å"My name is Lester Burnham. This is my neighborhood. This is my street. This is my life. Im forty-two years old. In less than a year, Ill be dead†¦Of course, I dont know that yet†¦And in a way, Im dead already. †(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) However what ultimately deteriorates Lesters life is his passive aggressive personality disorder. Also found in the Axis II DSM-IV-TR criteria. These are all the things that the character of Lester Burnham embodies on a day to day basis: â€Å"People with this disorder resent responsibility and show it through their behaviors, rather than by openly expressing their feelings. They often use procrastination, inefficiency, and forgetfulness to avoid doing what they need to do or have been told by others to do†¦A person with this disorder may appear to comply with anothers wishes and may even demonstrate enthusiasm for those wishes. However, they perform the requested action too late to be helpful, perform it in a way that is useless, sabotage the action to show anger that they cannot express in words†(Vorvick, Rogge, 2008) His evident mid life crisis causes him to irresponsibly buy a red sports car and fall in lust with someone that is the age of his daughter, also known as Angela in the film. His first encounter with Angela started the red rose petal frenzy. Everytime he interacted with her red rose petals appeared in her significance. The rose petals signified a sense of happiness for Lester and acceptance by the only female in the film. Another symptom for passive aggressive behavior is feeling resentment and hostility. Mr. Burnham clearly displayed his feeling of resentment and hostility in the second dinner scene where him and his wife get into an altercation over how Lester up and quit his job, when he had a clear chance to save it. But things started going downhill after Lester shouted across the table to his daughter â€Å"And your mother seems to prefer I go through life like a fucking prisoner while she keeps my dick in a mason jar under the sink†(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) By this point Carolyn and Lester are screaming to each other, but all Lester seems to want is someone to pass the asparagus. Finally, he becomes feed up with the non-respect he is shown as the man in the household and he gets up himself to get the asparagus. After serving himself, a minute later he throws the aspargus directly across the wall next to the perfect family portrait, in order to command attention from his ungrateful wife and daughter. Another sign for passive aggressive personality disorder in Lester Burnham is the drug abuse and poor career development. (Something that Lester didn’t hide throughout the film. ) Especially his interest in smoking marijuana, which he ironically receives from his neighbor and also his daughters boyfriend, Ricky Fitts. By this time, the main character Lester, has shown how withdrawn he actually is from the world and how irresponsible he has become.

Introduction to Organizational Behaviour free essay sample

The DSA and supporting documentation must be submitted no later than five (5) business days from the date of the exam. These requests will be considered on their merit and decisions will be made available  by logging into the following link http://apps. eso. yorku. ca/apps/adms/deferredexams. nsf. No  individualized communication will be sent by the School to the  students (no letter or e-mails). Students with approved DSA will be able to write their deferred examination during the Schools deferred examination period. No further extensions of deferred exams shall be granted. The format and covered content of the deferred examination may be different from that of the originally scheduled examination. The deferred exam may be closed book, cumulative and comprehensive and may include all subjects/topics of the textbook whether they have been covered in class or not. Any request for deferred standing on medical grounds must include an Attending Physicians Statement form; a â€Å"Doctor’s Note† will not be accepted. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Organizational Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page DSA Form: http://www. registrar. yorku. ca/pdf/deferred_standing_agreement. pdf Attending Physicians Statement form:  http://www. yorku. ca/laps/council/students/documents/APS. pdf The deferred examinations for the Fall  2012 term shall be held in the period January 25 – 27 2013. Academic Honesty: The Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies  considers breaches of the Senate Policy on Academic Honesty to be serious matters. To quote the Senate Policy on Academic Honesty. The Policy on Academic Honesty is an affirmation and clarification for members of the University of the general obligation to maintain the highest standards of academic honesty. As a clear sense of academic honesty and responsibility is fundamental to good scholarship, the policy recognizes the general responsibility of all faculty members to foster acceptable standards of academic conduct and of the student to be mindful of and abide by such standards. Suspected breaches of academic honesty will be investigated and charges shall be laid if reasonable and probable grounds exist. Students should review the York Academic Honesty policy for themselves at: http://www. yorku. ca/secretariat/policies/document. hp? document=69 Students might also wish to review the interactive on-line Tutorial for students on academic integrity, at: http://www. yorku. ca/tutorial/academic_integrity/ Grading Scheme and Feedback Policy: The grading scheme (i. e. kinds and weights of assignments, essays, exams , etc. ) shall be announced, and be available in writing, within the first two weeks of class, and, under normal circumstances, graded feedback worth at least 15% of the final grade for Fall, Winter or Summer Term, and 30% for ‘full year’ courses offered in the Fall/Winter Term be received by students in all courses prior to the final withdrawal date from a course. Note: Under unusual and/or unforeseeable circumstances which disrupt the academic norm, instructors are expected to provide grading schemes and academic feedback in the spirit of these regulations, as soon as possible. For more information on the Grading Scheme and Feedback Policy, please visit: http://www. yorku. ca/secretariat/policies/document. php? document=86 In-Class Tests and Exams the 20% Rule: For all Undergraduate courses, except those which regularly meet on Friday evening or on a weekend, tests or exams worth more than 20% will not be held in the two weeks prior to the beginning of the official examination period. For further information on the 20% Rule, please visit: http://www. yorku. a/secretariat/policies/document. php? document=141 For further information on examination scheduling and other important dates, please refer to: http://www. registrar. yorku. ca/enrol/dates/index. htm Reappraisals: Students may, with sufficient academic grounds, request that a final grade in a course be reappraised (which may mean the review of specific pieces of tangible work). Non-academic grounds are not relevant for grade reappraisals; in such cases, students are advised to petition to their home Faculty. Students are normally expected to first contact the course director to discuss the grade received and to request that their tangible work be reviewed. Tangible work may include written, graphic, digitized, modeled, video recording or audio recording formats, but not oral work. Students need to be aware that a request for a grade reappraisal may result in the original grade being raised, lowered or confirmed. For reappraisal procedures and information, please visit the Office of the Registrar site at: http://www. registrar. yorku. ca/grades/reappraisal/index. htm Accommodation Procedures: LAPS students who have experienced a misfortune or who are too ill to attend the final examination in an ADMS course should not attempt to do so; they must pursue deferred standing. Other students should contact their home Faculty for information. For further information, please visit: http://www. registrar. yorku. ca/exams/deferred/index. htm Religious Accommodation: York University is committed to respecting the religious beliefs and practices of all members of the community, and making accommodations for observances of special significance to adherents. For more information on religious accommodation, please visit: https://w2prod. sis. yorku. ca/Apps/WebObjects/cdm. woa/wa/regobs Academic Accommodation for Students with Disabilities The nature and extent of accommodations shall be consistent with and supportive of the integrity of the curriculum and of the academic standards of programs or courses.

Consumer Behaviour †Theory and Practice The WritePass Journal

Consumer Behaviour – Theory and Practice 1.0 Introduction and Discussion – 20% Consumer Behaviour – Theory and Practice 1.0 Introduction and Discussion – 20%2.0 Critical Analysis (Theory) – 50%2.1 Definition of Consumer Boycott2.2 Advantages of Boycotting2.3 Disadvantages of Boycotting2.4 Example of Successful Boycott2.5 Solution for Companies to handle boycott3.0 Conclusion – 20% 1.0 Introduction and Discussion – 20% 2.0 Critical Analysis (Theory) – 50%2.1 Perception2.2 Attitudes2.2.1 Definition of Attitudes2.2.2 The functions of Attitudes2.2.3 Attitude Models2.2.4 Measuring Attitudes2.2.5 Marketer changing consumer attitudes3.0 Conclusion – 20% Reference ListRelated 1.0 Introduction and Discussion – 20% Consumer buying is important to society because it is a key component of the economic system of many countries, it can influences by political, religious, spiritual, environmental, social and cultural aspects of society (Jim Blythe, 1997). Nowadays, consumers are more toward to ethical purchasers because they are more aware that their consumption pattern is part of global political and economic system (Solomon, M., G. Bamossy, S. Askegaard and M. Hogg, 2009). Generally, consumers reflect their values and beliefs by what they do or do not buy (Dickinson and Hollander, 1991). For example, consumer perceptions will signify the strengths and weaknesses of countries by favouring or dislike goods produced in a particular country. Sometimes consumer negative experience generate boycott of a company’s products, or even protests against everything from a politically undesirable country by discourage consumption of products from certain companies or countries, like boycotting Israel products. Boycotting is a form of ethical purchase behaviour. The term â€Å"boycott† arose in the year 1880 after Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott, an English land agent in Ireland whose ruthlessness in evicting tenants led his employees to refuse all cooperation with him and his family (Hazem Jamjourm, 2008). According to an Environics, the trend to boycott and warn against those irresponsible companies are strongest in North America and Oceania, and Northern Europe, while in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Latin America taken boycott is very unlikely (Rob Harrison, Terry Newholm, Deirdre Shaw, 2005). Boycotts have become a pervasive and effective instrument of consumer dissatisfaction in today’s marketplace. Economist (1990, p. 69) writes: ‘Consumer boycotts are becoming an epidemic for one simple reason: they work to initiate organizational and social change’; a recently conducted survey reports that 50% of Americans claim to have taken part in a product boycott (Dolliver, 2000). Between 1988 and 1995, over 200 firms and over a thousand products were actually subject to organised boycotts in the US. On the other hand, according to the Co-operative Banks latest research the value of boycotts in 2007 was up by 15% in the food and drink sector and 20% in the clothing s ector. Money talks, they say. So listen to these figures food and drink boycotts in 2007 in the UK  were valued at  £1,144m, travel boycotts  £817m, and clothing boycotts  £338m (Ethical Consumer, 2008). 2.0 Critical Analysis (Theory) – 50% 2.1 Definition of Consumer Boycott Boycotts are a widely used movement tactic to gain influence over corporations to adopt some change in practice or policy. It can be anti-corporate, labour, and other social change movements (Manheim, 2001). In this few years, a number of theorists have studies and outline the theory of boycott. Smith (1990b:258) explain boycott was essentially a moral act; an expression by the consumer of disapproval of the firms activities and disassociation from them. Friedman (1999, p.4) defines consumer boycotts as â€Å"an attempt by one or more parties to achieve certain objectives by urging individual consumers to refrain from making selected purchases in the marketplace.† Laidler (1968) defines boycotting as â€Å"an organized effort to withdraw and induce others to withdraw from social or business relations with another.† From different view of the theorists, consumer boycotts can be explain in more specifically that consumer boycotts is a collective act from the consumers to refusing buying a company’s services or products, consumers express their dissatisfaction with intention and make political claims about corporate practices. 2.2 Advantages of Boycotting Although boycott would seriously hurt the business, in fact, boycott has advantages. The main advantage of boycott is a way that consumers can use their power for positive social change. Another advantage is the exposure of irresponsible company with less people buying their products and buying substitute goods. As result, demand and supply for substitute goods will increase to enhance competition in the market and firms will reduce their process as a result to compete and also to gain the extra consumers this will benefit the smaller firms to gain more of the market share (Baumeister, Roy F., 1998). 2.3 Disadvantages of Boycotting Boycotts are an unwelcome act to marketers because firms targeted by a well-supported consumer boycott have apparently failed to sustain a sufficient customer focus. In the recent world, most of the companies are sensitive to boycotts because they can have serious financial implications (Pittman, Thane S., 1998). Observably, there are lots of disadvantages to boycotts though. One of drawback is boycotting could be a large reduction in jobs. After boycotting a company, there can cause an unfavourable impact on individuals and communities which become innocent victims of the economic damage. Secondly, the company reputation will be harmed as a result on the impact of consumer boycott. Hence, this is not good for company as it would need to lower its prices to get back the consumer purchasing demand. Somehow, consumers boycotting not purchase particular countries produce cause a loss of worldwide specialisation and technology in third world country because most of the company may not do business with them. Also this action may limit consumer choice from the market. Another disadvantage to the company is that the company budgets will get ruined and will need to be analysed and changed. Furthermore the gross domestic product of the host country could fall. Besides that, there can also result irregularly violence and antipathy from the boycotts. As conclude, although consumer boycotting brings lot of drawback to companies as well as it also bring advantages. Marketer should make a balance view of boycott and learn from other companies’ mistake to enhance the operation and create positive value to consumers. 2.4 Example of Successful Boycott In fact, empirical examinations of corporate recognition to boycotters demands found that only a quarter of all publicized boycotts were successful (Friedman, 1985). Boycotts can be successful because when result in increased public scrutiny of the company. This in turn will cause concerns inside the company about lost profits from the loss in consumer interest and companies are always concerned about their financial position. Countless successful boycott examples could be given of the boycott in use by many different groups of people in past centuries. One well-known successful boycotting example is boycotting Barclays Bank in year 1986. Boycotter choosing to boycott Barclays Bank because they have strongly believed Barclays’ company as the largest bank in South Africa supported apartheid is a wrong consequence. Besides that, consumers participate in the boycott may have been motivated by the belief that supporting boycott could helping people from South Africa by forcing Barclays’ withdrawal and speeding the downfall of the apartheid regime, secondly is the consumers desire not be associated with a company that directly or indirectly benefits from apartheid, a â€Å"clean hands† motivation; and lastly it show that a reluctance to be seen patronizing the â€Å"apartheid bank,† an avoidance of unseemly conspicuous consumption. As result, Barclays was forced to pull out of the co untry after protests against its involvement during the apartheid regime. Also at that time, Barclays led to a drop in its share of the UK market from 27 percent to 15 percent. Consumer boycotts upon environmental arguments are a strategy commonly used by many environmental NGOs. Procter and Gamble has been focus of a long running boycott from the Uncaged Campaign due to the use of animal testing. PG declare that animals are used in their ‘product safety research’, as well as cats and dogs in pet food experiments, Uncaged’s investigations continue to expose disturbing examples of PG’s ongoing involvement in a painful and dangerous animal tests. PG test on animals because of their desire to get new chemical ingredients on the market and to make as much money as possible. Garrett’s (1987) review of the boycott literature hypothesized six factors in boycott participation: the awareness of consumers; the values of potential consumer participants; the consistency of boycott goals with participant attitudes; the cost of participation; social pressure; and the credibility of the boycott leadership. However, according to the report on boycott PG Day 2010 actions, the fourteenth global boycott PG Day on 8 May 2010 has ratcheted up the pressure on PG to stop their cruel and unreasonable animal testing. Moreover, another famous boycott case is the Nestlà ©. A number of groups, many of which are coordinated by the International Baby Milk Action Network (IBMAN), have called for the boycott of Nestlà © products due to Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s marketing practices in promoting infant formula in poor countries. IBMAN points to the dangers of formula feeding in developing countries (most notably, lack of clean water to use in mixing formula powder). Further, it maintains that Nestlà © is exploiting susceptible customers and contributes to increased infant mortality. To examined the boycotters’ intentions to participate, motivations for participating, and actual product choice, as result their participation is based on product judgments and their perceived badly of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s actions, boycott participation and brand image. According to observers of boycotts, boycotters have this feeling because they are referring to the ‘moral outrage’ (Smith 1990). The latest Update of Baby Milk Actions Boycott News, the international boycott is having an important impact on Nestle, not only in direct economic terms but also in manipulate damage to its corporate image, management morale and management time the company must spend struggle it. 2.5 Solution for Companies to handle boycott It is not possible to study consumer boycott effectiveness without studying the target’s reaction to the protest. A satisfactory response, complying with a campaign’s demands, can stop a boycott before it has even got under way, whereas a reaction that is deemed insufficient or abusive could potentially recruit new members to the campaign. Smith identified four key types of management response: ignore, fight, fudge/explain or comply (1990b: 254). One increasingly popular solution used by marketers is to set up a joint task force with the boycotting organization to try to iron out the problem. For instance, in the US, McDonald’s used this approach with the Environmental Defence Fund, which was concerned about its use of polystyrene containers and bleached paper. The company agreed to test a composting programme and to switch to plain brown bags and to eliminate the use of antibiotics in such products as poultry. 3.0 Conclusion – 20% In conclusion, consumer boycott is an effort to punish those irresponsible companies. Yet consumer boycotts often have a large number of participants, and sometimes be successful in changing the behaviour of firms. Generally, participation may be driven by individual motivations such as guilt, the maintenance of self-esteem, and the avoidance of dissonance; individuals may seek a thrill of victory; or behaviour may be influenced by a false consensus bias. Despite the problems of causation, many writers agree that there is persuasive and widespread evidence of boycott actions delivering on social or environmental goals. Examples include PG anti animal testing in production; keep away from Barclays Bank apartheid in South Africa and persuade Nestle to take responsible the problem in third world. Obviously consumer boycotts cannot effectively address the full range of social and environmental issues, because it requires choice and competitive markets to function. Finally, consumer boycotts have the potential to harm many innocent parties, including guiltless workers and the various economic entities that depend on the boycotted firms. 2) B) Discuss the various ways in which marketers can attempt to influence consumer perception and attitudes, using examples to illustrate your argument. (60%) 1.0 Introduction and Discussion – 20% According to International Monetary Fund (2010), analyse that in year 2010 the world spending is at GDP 62,909274. United States have the highest GDP, which are 14,657,800. Consumer is the most important person to marketer because marketer takes into account consumer likes and dislikes on the production of goods and services. Marketing and consumer behaviour are basically connected.   By clearly understanding of consumer behaviour to support all marketing activity, it is a necessity to organizations for being marketing orientated and thus profitable. However, to understanding what consumers buy or not to buy is the most challenging concept to marketers. As consumer buying behaviour is difficult to be understanding clearly because factors affecting how consumers make decision are extremely complex. Buying behaviour is deeply rooted in psychology with dashes of sociology. The reason is, since every person in the world is different, it is impossible to have simple rules that explain how buying decisions are made. In general, there are three main factors that influence consumers buying decision which are personal, psychological and social. Besides that, involvement also can be a major factor in consumer’s decision making. Because consumers often form emotional attachments to products, for example most people would be familiar with the feeling of having fallen in love with a product. But, studying consumers can help marketers improve strategies. Through obtaining a view into how consumers think, feel, reason and choose. Marketers can use this information to design products and services that will be in demand. By understanding customers better it can improved trading relationships. Next is can reduced cost and greater efficiency, for example, through better targeting of marketing efforts, which reduced the cost per sale. Third is improved competitiveness, by understanding consumer, marketer can through consumer feeling adapt in marketing practice to result more effective. Lastly, it will gain more sales. 2.0 Critical Analysis (Theory) – 50% 2.1 Perception Before making purchase, consumers go through series of steps. These steps include problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision and post purchase evaluation (Appendix 1). In the information search process, psychological element that influences consumer is perception which influences the way consumers receive information. Jim Blythe (2001) explains perception is the way people build up a view of the world. While William D.Wells and David Prensky (1996) define perception as the process by which an individual uses his or her perceptual processes to selects stimuli, organizes information about those stimuli, and interprets the information to form a coherent, meaningful view of the world (Appendix 2). Stimuli are inputs into any one of the five senses – vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. The explanation of the stimuli can be subjective on individual’s environment that becomes the basis for the behavioural processes of learning, attitude formation, and decision making. At the same time, it has cultural, social, economic, and psychological bases since it requires the selection, organization, and interpretation of what the individual senses. For example, consumers manage to purchase certain products and leave the store without becoming overwhelmed. This is because of their background characteristics, past experiences and motivations to satisfy their needs help to assign meaning to the stimuli and recognize products that will offer certain benefits to them. Therefore, marketers should design their packages so that consumers will be able to distinguish them from other stimuli in this hectic retail environment. For instance, Innocent created a range of smoothies especially targeted to kids. In the packaging of this range of products, the Innocent brand identity is enriched with some funny details on the logo, in order to immediately distinguish this product from the others and appeal the children. Perception plays important part in marketing programmes, where the use of pictures, images, spoken and written language, colour, noise, music, tastes and smells are used in such abundance. At the information search stage communication campaigns should be informative in nature, so when marketers make an advertisement it should provide information about the product and its attributes to consumers. This helps in creating brand awareness and dispelling doubts regarding the product among consumers. Individual’s perception is unique and powerful in its inferences for marketers. Usually, consumer purchase will take place when individual perceives that product or service will offer benefits of needs. Hence, marketers must understand how perception works in order to communicate successfully a product’s benefits. In reality, consumers exposed to advertising and promotion do experience information overload.   Hence, the perceptual process includes a component called selective perception, which allows individuals to screen out some stimuli while allowing other stimuli to be perceived. Therefore marketer can use clear communication as strategy. Advertisements should be copy tested to ensure consumers get the message. Things to avoid include incorrect understanding of imagery, inappropriate humour, and double entendre. Also, lengthy communications are less likely to pass through consumer’s mental filters. Perception is also subjective. People understand things differently. The manner in which consumers organize and interpret information is individualistic and biased. That is, people experience subjective perception; perception deviated from reality due to individual differences in the perceptual process. 2.2 Attitudes 2.2.1 Definition of Attitudes The next step of consumer buying process is evaluation of alternatives which information is gathered. Another key element that influences the evaluation process is the attitude of the consumer towards the product. Attitudes are learned, it will be affected by new information and experience. Consumers use perception and learning to gather new information and combine with knowledge about product’s quality and benefits. This serves the basis for evaluating the choice products from which consumer will make purchase decision. An attitude is how positive or negative, favourable or unfavourable, or pro or con a person feels toward an object. This definition views attitudes as a feeling or an evaluative reaction to objects. A second definition represents Attitude can be defined as ‘a learned tendency to respond to an object in a consistently favourable or unfavourable way’ (Onkvisit and Shaw, 1994). This definition is slightly more complicated than the first because it incorporates the notion of a readiness to respond toward an object. A third definition of attitude popularized by cognitively oriented social psychologists is: ‘an enduring organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive process with respect to some aspect of the individual’s world’ (Krech and Crutchfield, 1948). This views attitudes as being made up of three components: (1) the cognitive, or knowledge, component, (2) the affective, or emotional, component, and (3) the cognitive, or behavioural-tendency, component. As conclude, an attitude is a learned tendency to act in a consistent way toward an object based on feeling and opinions that result from an evaluation of knowledge about the object. Yet, attitude formation is the process by which individuals form feeling or opinions toward other people, products, ideas, activities, and other objects in their environment (Michael R. Solomon, 2004). Attitude toward object is combine with three factors, first is learned knowledge form previous experience, second is evaluation based on individual’s knowledge, last is tendency to act based on evaluation. Attitudes are important to marketers because consumer will based on their attitude towards the product to buy or not to buy. But marketer cannot directly observed attitudes as attitudes are the result of motivation, perception, and learning. By understanding consumer attitudes, marketers can use interviews and surveys to measure consumers’ attitudes. 2.2.2 The functions of Attitudes Daniel Katz (1960) has developed functional theory of attitudes to explain how attitudes facilitate social behaviour. Attitudes provide individuals to apply their knowledge to an evaluation of alternative products and, consequently, to make faster, easier, and less risky purchase decisions to satisfy their needs. Obviously, attitudes help individuals with four primary functions, which are utilitarian, value-expressive, ego-defensive and knowledge function. To clarify, utilitarian function is gain utilitarian benefit from the product, while value expressive is product express individual’s values and lifestyle, and ego defensive is about a product that support self-concept and finally knowledge function is organize individual’s knowledge about product in his or her environment. 2.2.3 Attitude Models Consumers’ attitudes to products can be complex. They vary according to valence, extremity, resistance, persistence and confidence (Jim Blythe, 2008). Attitude has three components: affect, which is about the consumer’s emotional attachment to the product; behaviour, involves the person’s intentions to do something with regard to an attitude object and cognition, which is to do with the conscious thought processes. These three components are known as tri-component attitude models or as the ABC model of attitudes (Appendix 3). This model emphasizes the interrelationships between knowing, feeling and doing. Consumers’ attitudes towards a product cannot be determined simply by identifying their beliefs about it. The second attitude model is multi-attribute models. This model is unlike tri-component models cause it focus on an object’s multiple attributes and suggest individual’s attitude toward the object is the result of the aggregation of his or her evaluations of each one. There are three components is this models too, which are attributes on which the object is evaluated, beliefs about whether an object possesses the attribute and an evaluation of the importance or relevance of each attribute in determining the individual’s overall attitude toward the object (Martin Fishbein, 1963). This model is emphasizes that beliefs and evaluations both require evaluation of knowledge. Next is the attitude-toward-the-ad model. This model is an effort to understand how advertising influences consumer attitudes toward a particular product (Terence A. Shimp, 1981). Variables in these models include where, when, and in what context the as is seen as well as the effectiveness of the ad in generating feelings and dispelling negative beliefs. Mean that, an advertisement influences not only consumer’s attitudes about the ad itself but also their view of the product. As conclude, attitude-toward-the-ad model is consumers form feeling and judgments as the result of their exposure to an ad. 2.2.4 Measuring Attitudes In order for marketers to use that various attitude models, they need to measure all of these beliefs and evaluative components. There are three common methods used to measure attitude components. First is the observation of behaviour, second is qualitative investigations then attitude scales. Each has unique advantages, depending on the circumstances and all are helpful in determining the strength and direction of particular attitudes. The most often use by marketer is the attitude scales like consumer survey questionnaires with quantitative scale taken by consumers. In fact, this method may be hard for participants to recall information or to tell the truth about a controversial question. 2.2.5 Marketer changing consumer attitudes Marketer can attempt to influence consumer’s belief, affect, and conative intention by providing information about the attributes and benefits consumers use to form attitudes by influencing the social context in which consumers form those attitudes. For example, usually consumers look to members of their reference group for information and advice, marketers use communication tool to influence consumers and the information and advice can change their attitudes. In actuality, marketer changes consumers’ beliefs or evaluation of the product by promote their product offers benefit and will satisfy their needs better than competitors or previously product. The strategies marketers employ to influence and promote attitude change include adding benefits, changing product or package, changing the criteria for evaluation and linking products to existing favourable attitudes. The most often strategies use to influence attitude change are adding benefits and changing product or package. To enhanced product value, the product must offer multiple benefits to consumers. As consumer’s attitudes will become more positive by product’s perceived value increase. For example, Johnson’s Baby Oil claims to soften a baby’s skin, condition adults’ skin, remove makeup, and promote tanning. Besides that, consumers often form attitudes in response to changes that improve a product’s ability to deliver benefits. Softso ap, for instance, introduced liquid hand soap and in turn favourably influenced consumers’ attitudes about the convenience of the product. An alternative to changing the product itself is changing its packaging. For example, Jif peanut butter available in a plastic container. As result, changing package consumers’ attitudes are formed in part by evaluating packaging features that offer convenience and environmental benefits. The drawback of this changes will increased costs for company to maintain competition within market place and maintain their share hold of market. Also works against the consumer, as newer products make older product obsolete, resulting in more costs to remain current. 3.0 Conclusion – 20% In conclusion, according to Katona and Strumpel (1978), attitudes and perception are closely related. Both concepts tend to affect one’s perceptions and shape one’s behaviour. To identify consumer perception and attitude concept and function, several theories and models were represented. This is to focuses attention on how some of the factors that can contribute to those concepts and how they are evaluated by the consumers. Besides that, some examples are listed to support and identify various way that marketer attempt to influence consumer perception and attitudes. Lastly, it is useful that marketers have a better understanding on consumer’s attitudes and perception so that strategies can be applied in a proper manner to gain competitive advantages from other competitors and also can capture consumers’ attention for products to leading successful. Reference List Jim Blythe, (1997) The Essence of Consumer Behaviour. London, Prentice Hall. Solomon, M., G. Bamossy, S. Askegaard and M. Hogg (2009) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. FT Prentice Hall (4th Edition). Dickinson, R., and S.C. Hollander, Consumer Votes, Journal of Business Research, Vol.23, No.1, 9-20. Hazem Jamjourm, (2008) BDS The Global Anti-Apartheid Movement. Badil Resource Resource Center. Rob Harrison, Terry Newholm, Deirdre Shaw, (2005) The Ethical Consumer. London, Sage Publications Ltd. The Economist (1990), Boycotting Corporate America, The Economist, May 26, 69-70. Dolliver, M. (2000). Boomers as boycotters. Adweek, (Eastern edn), 12 April, 44. Ethical Consumer, (2008) Consumer Boycotts. [Internet] Available from: ethicalconsumer.org/Boycotts/aboutboycotts.aspx [Accessed 10 April 2011] Manheim, J. B. (2001) The death of a thousand cuts: Corporate campaigns and the attack on the corporation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Smith, N. Craig (1990), Morality and the Market: Consumer Pressure for Corporate Accountability, London: Routledge. Friedman, M. (1999). Consumer Boycotts, New York: Routledge. Laidler, H. (1968). Boycotts and the Labor Struggle: Economic and Legal Aspects, New York: Russell and Russell. Baumeister, Roy F. (1998), â€Å"The Self,† in Handbook of Social Psychology, Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske and Gardner Lindzey ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Pittman, Thane S. (1998), â€Å"Motivation,† in Handbook of Social Psychology, Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T.Fiske and Gardner Lindzey ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Friedman, M. (1985). Consumer boycotts in the United States, 1970–1980: contemporary events in historic perspective. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 19, 98–117. Garrett, Dennis E. (1987), â€Å"Effectiveness of Marketing Policy Boycotts: Environmental Opposition to Marketing,† Journal of Marketing 54 (April), pp. 46-57. International Monetary Fund, (2010) World Economic Outlook Report. [Internet] Available from: imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 [Accessed 12 April 2011] Jim Blythe, (2001) Essentials of Marketing. London, Prentice Hall. William D.Wells and David Prensky, (1996) Consumer Behavior. New York, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Sak Onkvisit and John J. Shaw, Consumer Bahaviour, Strategy and Analysis (New York: Macmillan, 1994). D. Krech and R. Crutchfield, Theory and Problems in Social Psychology,   McGraw-Hill, New York, 1948. Michael R. Solomon, (2004) Consumer Behaviou: buying, having, and being. London, Prentice Hall. Jim Blythe, (2008) Essentials of Marketing. London, Prentice Hall. Martin Fishbein (1963), An investigation of the Relationship Between Beliefs About an Object and the Attitude Toward That Object, Human Relations, 16, 233 – 240. Terence A. Shimp (1981), Attitude toward the Ad as a Mediator of Consumer Brand Choice, Journal of Advertising, 10 (2), 9-15 ff. Katiba, G., and B. Strumpel. (1978) A New Economic Era. New York: Elsevier.

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below youll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student. Abbreviations for College Degrees Note: The  APA doesnt recommend using periods with degrees. Be sure to consult your style guide as recommended styling may vary.   A.A. Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name. For example, Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college. A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science: A two: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree. A.B.D. All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression. A.F.A. Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.A. Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in liberal arts or sciences. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.S. Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associates) or a four-year (bachelors) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree. M.A. Master of Arts: The masters degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a masters degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelors degree. M.Ed. Master of Education: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education. M.S. Master of Science: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology. Abbreviations for Titles Dr. Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the masters degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and non-academic writing. Esq. Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect. In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name. Example: John Hendrik, Esq. It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing. Prof. Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example: Ill invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting. Mr. and Mrs. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing. Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate. Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D. You would address a person who signs correspondence as Sara Edwards, Ph.D. as Dr. Edwards.

Philosophy (Socrates) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophy (Socrates) - Essay Example At the end, he refused to leave the city, to moderate his uncompromising stance, or to suggest a reasonable counter-penalty. By this point, the jury had no real choice but to deliver the death penalty. The context of recent political events in Athens, and the official charges brought against Socrates forced the issue, but he died because his strong personal religious conviction placed him radically outside mainstream society, prevented him from making his behavior more acceptable to his fellow citizens, and prevented him from seeing any alternative to death. Socrates had been resented in the city for decades. The nature of his defense at the trial may have had little bearing. From the mid-fifth century, professional teachers, or Sophists, appeared, and charged fees for an education. They believed in questioning traditional values – ‘the eternal verities’, and modifying or rejecting them as appropriate. This bred concerns over the threat to established systems. Alt hough Socrates did not charge fees, and there were fundamental differences of opinion between he and the Sophists, there was a link in the public mind. Aristophanes’ The Clouds makes this plain. ... It was not just The Clouds either, as quotations from other comedies suggest a similar attack on Socrates. Aristophanes’ choice of Socrates to represent the new thinkers is telling. He insisted on pushing his opinions on the streets of the city. Socrates seemed to understand this. Many of the other teachers were from outside of the city, and only visited infrequently. He spent his time in the most public places, especially the Agora, while his poverty and physical ugliness might also have made him stand out. For the nearly fifty years during which he chose to live thus, the Athenians had had to tolerate his impertinent questions. A quarter century of attacks on Socrates must have biased the jurors in 399 BCE. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates acknowledges this, even mentioning the Clouds to the jury. He says ‘You have seen it for yourselves in the play by Aristophanes, where Socrates is lifted around, proclaiming that he is walking on air, and uttering a great deal of nonsense’ (39). Nevertheless, the fact that they tolerated his existence for so long suggests that a unique conjunction of other circumstances also must have precipitated the trial in 399. Socrates’ political ideas, and the fact that he allowed rich young men to listen to them, was considered to be a cause of instability in the polis. As Hypereides reminded the Athenians in his speech against Antokles, they had punished Socrates epi logois, for his words, rather than for his actions. However, these words had a distinctly anti-democratic quality. He considered that only the virtuous should govern. He believed that by nature and training, each person was suited to a particular task in life,

Spanish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Spanish - Essay Example La competencia en los mercados internacionales a causado que muchas empresas reconsideren su cyclo supplidores para optimizar la eficiencia de las empresas. En paises desarroyados como Estados Unidos y Inglaterra muchas companies exportan fases de su producion para usus costos atraves de la exportacion de trabajos. Por ejemplo si Ford Motors decide producir la suspension de sus vehiculos en China para bajar costo eso ayuda a la empresa poder proveer mejores precios a sus consumidores. El publico en general aveces esta bajo la presumcion que la exportacion de trabajo es mala para la economia porque se pierden trabajos directos. Se una fabrica cierra y se muda para otro lugar parace que el resultado de expertacion de trabajo es negativo. El ejemplo dado en el corto plazo el impactacto a pais que piede afecta adversamenta la economia de una region. Para mejor evaluar dicho escenario’ hay que visualizar el efecto del evento en el mediano y largo plazo. En el largo plazo la exportacion de trabajo tiene efectos positivos como la restructuracion economica para mejorar la competividad del pais, precios mas bajos en la material prima de las empresas, y mejorar las validad de vida del ciudadanos en paises en via al dessarollo como por ejemplo Argentina. En el mediado plazo cuando empresas contrata a empresas extranjeras para realizar una porcion de su production el efecto en el empleo de empresas nativas es positivo porque ayuda a incrementar la ganacia de los empre sarios. La exportacion de trabajos tambien se puede interpretar como la imigracion de talento humano local a otras regiones. Debido a la alta demanda de profesionales en diversos campos especializados como medicina, ingenieria, y biotecnologia en la economia mucha personas optan por mudarse a otras partes del mundo en busca de oportunidades. El libre traffico de capital humana le conviene a todas las naciones debido a que todos los paises tiene deficit en talento y diversas concentraciones

EasyJet Essay -- Business and Management Studies

EasyJet EasyJet has become the European leader in a no frills frenzy for low cost, cheap air travel. This market however has since the mid nineties gone from strength to strength and we have witnessed the arrival of a number of low cost airline companies which cater for the no frills approach. In Europe the top two competitors in this market are EasyJet and Ryan Air which serve their customers from London Luton and Dublin respectively. They offer a differentiated product compared with the major traditional airlines and the key to their success has been to offer the lowest cost/fare structure possible and the differentiated â€Å"no frills† product is purely a consequence of the implementation of this rigorous low cost strategy. Background information about the companies is listed below: Comparative Company statistics EasyJet Ryanair Date of commencement 1995 1985 Date of IPO 2000 1997 Passenger Numbers 20.3m 15.7m Number of Staff 3,453 1,897 Aircraft 73 67 Routes served 109 133 Source: http://www.easyJet.com, http://www.Ryanair.com Comparative Key Financial Data EasyJet ( £) Ryanair (Ââ‚ ¬) Share Capital 758,461,000 563,732,000 Earnings per share 8.24pence 31.71cents Operating revenue 931.8m 842.5m Retained profit 32. 4m 239.3m Source: Company Accounts 2004 Both airlines have adopted similar business models and strategies. Key common features of the business model of both companies are: - Point to point se...

Left Brain vs Right Brain: How Does It Impact Learning

| | | | | | |The left and right hemispheres of our brain process information in different ways. We tend to process information using our dominant side. However, the learning and thinking process is | |enhanced when both side of the brain participate in a balanced manner. This means strengthening our less dominate hemisphere of the brain. In trying to differentiate between the left and | |right brain, My paper will show information processing styles that are characteristically used by our right or left-brain hemisphere. | |According to Coballis M. C (2007) The left side of the brain processes information in a linear manner. It processes from part to whole. It takes pieces, lines them up, and arranges them in a| |logical order; then it draws conclusions. The right brain however, processes from whole to parts, holistically. It starts with the answer. It sees the big picture first, not the details. If| |one is right-brained, he or she may have difficulty following a lecture unless he or she given the big picture first. That is why it is absolutely necessary for a right-brained person to | |read assigned chapter or background information before a lecture or to survey a chapter before reading. Predominantly Right-brained people have trouble outlining. They rather wrote the | |paper first and outlined later | | | |In addition to thinking in a linear manner, the left-brain processes in sequence. They love to make a list of things they need to accomplish during the day. Left brained enjoy making | |master schedules and daily planning. They complete tasks in order and take pleasure in checking them off when they are accomplished. Learning things in sequence is relatively easy for them. | | | |By, contrast, the approach of the right-brained student is random. If you are right-brained, you may flit from one tack to another. You will get just as much done, but perhaps without | |having addressed priorities. An assignment may be late or incomplete, not because you weren't working but because you were working on something else. You were ready to rebel when asked to | |make study schedules for the week. Because of the random nature of your dominant side, you must make lists, and you must make schedules. This may be your only hope for survival in college. | |You should also make a special effort to read directions. Oh yes, the mention of spelling makes you cringe. Use the dictionary, carry a Franklin speller, use the spell checker on your | |computer. Never turn in an assignment without proofing for spelling. Because the right side of the brain is color sensitive, you might try using colors to learn sequence, making the first | |step green, the second blue, the last red. Or you may want to â€Å"walk† a sequence, either by physically going from place to place or by imagining it. For the first step of the sequence, you | |might walk to the frond door; for the second, to the kitchen; for the third, to the den, etc. Or make Step One a certain place or thing in you dorm room or study place, and Step Two | |another. If you consistently use the same sequence, you will find that this strategy is transferable to many tasks involving sequence. | |Symbolic Vs. Concrete Processing | |The left brain has no trouble processing symbols. Many academic pursuits deal with symbols-such as letters, words, and mathematical notations. The left brained person tends to be | |comfortable with linguistic and mathematical endeavors. Left-brained students will probably just memorize vocabulary words or math formulas. The right brain, on the other hand, wants things| |to be concrete. The right brain person wants to see, feel, or touch the real object. Right brain students may have had trouble learning to read using phonics. They prefer to see words in | |context, to see how the formula works. To use your right brain, create opportunities for hands-on activities, use something real whenever possible. You may also want to draw out a math | |problem or illustrate your notes. | |Logical Vs. Intuitive Processing | |The left brain processes in a linear, sequential, logical manner. When you process on the left side, you use information piece by piece to solve a math problem or work out a science | |experiment. When you read and listen, you look for the pieces so that you can draw logical conclusions. If you process primarily on the right side of the brain, you use intuition. You may | |know the right answer to a math problem but not be sure how you got it. You may have to start with the answer and work backwards. On a quiz, you have a gut feeling as to which answers are | |correct, and you are usually right. In writing, it is the left brain that pays attention to mechanics such as spelling, agreement, and punctuation. But the right side pays attention to | |coherence and meaning; that is, your right brain tells you it â€Å"feels† right. | |Verbal Vs. Nonverbal Processing | |Left brain students have little trouble expressing themselves in words. Right brain students may know what they mean, but often have trouble finding the right words. The best illustration | |of this is to listen to people give directions. The left brain person will say something like â€Å"From here, go west three blocks and turn north on Vine Street. Go three or four miles and then| |turn east onto Broad Street. † The right brain person will sound something like this: â€Å"Turn right (pointing right), by the church over there (pointing again). Then you will pass a McDonalds | |and a Walmart. At the next light, turn right toward the BP station. † So how is this relevant to planning study strategies? Right brain students need to back up everything visually. If it's | |not written down, they probably won't remember it. And it would be even better for right brain students to illustrate it. They need to get into the habit of making a mental video of things | |as they hear or read them. Right brain students need to know that it may take them longer to write a paper and the paper may need more revision before it says what they want it to say. This| |means allowing extra time when a writing assignment is due. | |Reality-Based Vs. Fantasy-Oriented Processing | |The left side of the brain deals with things the way they are-with reality. When left brain students are affected by the environment, they usually adjust to it. Not so with right brain | |students. They try to change the environment! Left brain people want to know the rules and follow them. In fact, if there are no rules for situations, they will probably make up rules to | |follow! Left brain students know the consequences of not turning in papers on time or of failing a test. But right brain students are sometimes not aware that there is anything wrong. So, | |if you are right brain, make sure you constantly ask for feedback and reality checks. It's too late the day before finals to ask if you can do extra credit. Keep a careful record of your | |assignments and tests. Visit with your professor routinely. While this fantasy orientation may seem a disadvantage, in some cases it is an advantage. The right brain student is creative. In| |order to learn about the digestive system, you may decide to â€Å"become a piece of food! And since emotion is processed on the right side of the brain, you will probably remember well anything| |you become emotionally involved in as you are trying to learn. |These are just some of the differences that exist between the left and right hemispheres, but you can see a pattern. Because left brain strategies are the ones used most often in the | |classroom, right brain students sometimes feel inadequate. However, you now know that you can be flexible and adapt material to the right side of your brain. Likewise, those of you who are | |predominantly left brain know that it would be wise to use bot h sides of the brain and employ some right brain strategies. |